{"source":{"label":"Smithsonian Institution — Global Volcanism Program"},"volcanoes":[{"id":"emeishan-traps","name":"Emeishan Traps","lat":26,"lon":103,"year":-259000000,"vei":8,"window":1500000,"note":"Flood basalts in SW China, tied to a late-Permian extinction pulse."},{"id":"siberian-traps","name":"Siberian Traps","lat":67,"lon":90,"year":-252000000,"vei":8,"window":1500000,"note":"The largest known volcanic event — trigger of the End-Permian Great Dying."},{"id":"camp","name":"Central Atlantic Province","lat":30,"lon":-6,"year":-201000000,"vei":8,"window":1500000,"note":"Erupted as Pangaea rifted; drove the End-Triassic extinction."},{"id":"karoo-ferrar","name":"Karoo–Ferrar","lat":-30,"lon":26,"year":-183000000,"vei":8,"window":1500000,"note":"Southern-hemisphere flood basalts linked to an early-Jurassic ocean crisis."},{"id":"parana-etendeka","name":"Paraná–Etendeka","lat":-26,"lon":-50,"year":-134000000,"vei":8,"window":1500000,"note":"Erupted as the South Atlantic began to open between South America and Africa."},{"id":"ontong-java","name":"Ontong Java Plateau","lat":0,"lon":159,"year":-120000000,"vei":8,"window":2000000,"note":"The largest known Large Igneous Province, erupted onto the Pacific floor."},{"id":"deccan-traps","name":"Deccan Traps","lat":18,"lon":73,"year":-66000000,"vei":8,"window":1500000,"note":"Vast eruptions in India that overlapped the dinosaurs’ extinction."},{"id":"north-atlantic-lip","name":"North Atlantic Province","lat":65,"lon":-12,"year":-56000000,"vei":8,"window":1500000,"note":"Opened the North Atlantic and is implicated in the PETM warming spike."},{"id":"columbia-river","name":"Columbia River Basalts","lat":46,"lon":-119,"year":-16000000,"vei":8,"window":1500000,"note":"The youngest large flood-basalt province, in the Pacific Northwest."},{"id":"tambora-1815","name":"Tambora","lat":-8.25,"lon":118,"year":1815,"vei":7,"note":"Largest eruption in recorded history."},{"id":"krakatoa-1883","name":"Krakatoa","lat":-6.1,"lon":105.42,"year":1883,"vei":6},{"id":"santa-maria-1902","name":"Santa María","lat":14.76,"lon":-91.55,"year":1902,"vei":6},{"id":"novarupta-1912","name":"Novarupta","lat":58.27,"lon":-155.16,"year":1912,"vei":6},{"id":"quizapu-1932","name":"Cerro Azul (Quizapu)","lat":-35.65,"lon":-70.76,"year":1932,"vei":5},{"id":"st-helens-1980","name":"Mount St. Helens","lat":46.2,"lon":-122.18,"year":1980,"vei":5},{"id":"el-chichon-1982","name":"El Chichón","lat":17.36,"lon":-93.23,"year":1982,"vei":5},{"id":"ruiz-1985","name":"Nevado del Ruiz","lat":4.89,"lon":-75.32,"year":1985,"vei":3,"note":"Small eruption, catastrophic lahars."},{"id":"pinatubo-1991","name":"Pinatubo","lat":15.13,"lon":120.35,"year":1991,"vei":6},{"id":"eyjafjallajokull-2010","name":"Eyjafjallajökull","lat":63.63,"lon":-19.62,"year":2010,"vei":4,"note":"Grounded European air travel."},{"id":"hunga-tonga-2022","name":"Hunga Tonga","lat":-20.55,"lon":-175.38,"year":2022,"vei":6,"note":"Largest atmospheric explosion of the satellite era."},{"id":"thera-minoan","name":"Thera (Santorini)","lat":36.4,"lon":25.4,"year":-1600,"vei":7,"note":"The Bronze-Age Minoan eruption; devastated Aegean settlements and buried Akrotiri."},{"id":"taupo-hatepe","name":"Taupō (Hatepe)","lat":-38.82,"lon":176,"year":232,"vei":7,"note":"New Zealand’s Hatepe eruption - one of the most violent of the last 5,000 years."},{"id":"huaynaputina-1600","name":"Huaynaputina","lat":-16.61,"lon":-70.85,"year":1600,"vei":6,"note":"Peru’s largest historic eruption; its haze is linked to famine as far away as Russia."},{"id":"laki-1783","name":"Laki (Lakagígar)","lat":64.07,"lon":-18.23,"year":1783,"vei":4,"note":"A mostly effusive fissure eruption whose toxic haze caused famine in Iceland and Europe."},{"id":"pelee-1902","name":"Mont Pelée","lat":14.82,"lon":-61.17,"year":1902,"vei":4,"note":"A glowing ash cloud destroyed Saint-Pierre, Martinique, killing ~29,000 in minutes."},{"id":"vesuvius-79","name":"Vesuvius","lat":40.82,"lon":14.43,"year":79,"vei":5,"note":"Its Plinian eruption buried the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum in ash, preserving them for nearly 1,700 years."},{"id":"ilopango-tbj","name":"Ilopango (Tierra Blanca Joven)","lat":13.67,"lon":-89.05,"year":431,"vei":6,"note":"A huge eruption in El Salvador blanketed the Maya lands in white ash and is linked to global cooling in the mid-5th century."},{"id":"changbaishan-946","name":"Changbaishan (Paektu)","lat":41.99,"lon":128.08,"year":946,"vei":6,"note":"The \"Millennium Eruption\" on the Korea–China border was one of the largest of the last 2,000 years."}]}